diff --git a/e2e/iam-perm-ux-live.playwright.ts b/e2e/iam-perm-ux-live.playwright.ts
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/e2e/iam-perm-ux-live.playwright.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+// permux 活体浏览器验收：真实 Backend + 真实 Frontend dist（vite preview，/api 代理到被测 Backend）。
+// 由外部 harness 注入 PLAYWRIGHT_BASE_URL、PERMUX_LIVE=1、PERMUX_OWNER/PERMUX_PASSWORD（已设密管理员）；
+// 全程不拦截任何路由，服务端事实一律经同一 baseURL 的 API 核对。
+import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto'
+import { test, expect, type APIRequestContext, type APIResponse, type BrowserContext, type Page } from '@playwright/test'
+
+interface Perm { actionId: string; label: string; description: string; group: string; category?: string; scope: 'system' | 'project'; protected: boolean }
+interface RolePerm { actionId: string; allowed: boolean; capAllowed: boolean; permissionVersion: number }
+interface Role { roleId: string; name: string; description: string; enabled: boolean; roleVersion: number; bindingCount: number; permissions: RolePerm[] }
+interface Account { userId: string; owner: string; stateVersion: number; profile: { name: string } }
+interface UserRoleView { binding?: { roleId: string; active: boolean }; role?: Role }
+interface Me { owner: string; isAdmin?: boolean; linkedCapabilities?: { projectCreate: boolean; actions: string[] } }
+
+const LIVE = process.env.PERMUX_LIVE === '1' && !!process.env.PLAYWRIGHT_BASE_URL
+const SUFFIX = `${Date.now().toString(36)}${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 6)}`
+const DOC_CATEGORY = '文档工作'
+const PROJECT_CREATE = 'project.create'
+const LINKED = ['project.settings', 'project.members.manage', 'project.permissions.manage', 'document.duties.assign']
+const LINKED_NOTE = '创建项目时自动具备 · 仅本人创建的项目'
+
+/** 与 rolePermissions.permissionCategory 同义：缺分类的非保护系统动作归入「项目与协作」。 */
+const categoryOf = (item: Perm) => item.category || (item.scope === 'system' ? '项目与协作' : item.group)
+const permKey = (role: Role) => role.permissions.filter(item => item.allowed || item.capAllowed)
+  .map(item => `${item.actionId}=${item.allowed}/${item.capAllowed}`).sort()
+const rowOf = (role: Role, actionId: string) => role.permissions.find(item => item.actionId === actionId)
+
+async function ok(res: APIResponse) {
+  expect(res.ok(), `${res.url()} → ${res.status()} ${await res.text().catch(() => '')}`).toBe(true)
+  return res
+}
+const getJSON = async <T>(api: APIRequestContext, path: string) => (await ok(await api.get(path))).json() as Promise<T>
+
+async function roleByName(api: APIRequestContext, name: string): Promise<Role> {
+  const page = await getJSON<{ roles: Role[] }>(api, `/api/admin/roles?query=${encodeURIComponent(name)}&mode=exact&status=all&limit=50`)
+  const role = (page.roles ?? []).find(item => item.name === name)
+  expect(role, `角色 ${name} 应存在`).toBeTruthy()
+  return role!
+}
+const getRole = (api: APIRequestContext, roleId: string) => getJSON<Role>(api, `/api/admin/roles/${encodeURIComponent(roleId)}`)
+const getUser = (api: APIRequestContext, userId: string) => getJSON<Account>(api, `/api/admin/users/${encodeURIComponent(userId)}`)
+const userRoleId = async (api: APIRequestContext, userId: string) =>
+  (await getJSON<UserRoleView>(api, `/api/admin/users/${encodeURIComponent(userId)}/role`)).role?.roleId ?? ''
+
+async function userByOwner(api: APIRequestContext, owner: string): Promise<Account> {
+  const page = await getJSON<{ accounts: Account[] }>(api,
+    `/api/admin/users/search?query=${encodeURIComponent(owner)}&mode=exact&status=all&fields=owner&limit=20`)
+  const account = (page.accounts ?? []).find(item => item.owner === owner)
+  expect(account, `用户 ${owner} 应存在`).toBeTruthy()
+  return account!
+}
+
+async function assignRoleApi(api: APIRequestContext, userId: string, roleId: string) {
+  const { stateVersion } = await getUser(api, userId)
+  await ok(await api.put(`/api/admin/users/${encodeURIComponent(userId)}/role`, {
+    data: { roleId, expectedStateVersion: stateVersion, idempotencyKey: randomUUID() },
+  }))
+}
+
+/** API 登录；首登受限会话先改密再以新密码重登，返回可用的完整会话。 */
+async function apiLogin(api: APIRequestContext, owner: string, password: string, nextPassword: string) {
+  const first = await (await ok(await api.post('/api/auth/login', { data: { owner, password } }))).json() as { mustChangePassword?: boolean; sessionScope?: string }
+  if (!first.mustChangePassword && first.sessionScope !== 'set_password_only') return
+  await ok(await api.post('/api/auth/password', { data: { current: password, next: nextPassword } }))
+  await ok(await api.post('/api/auth/login', { data: { owner, password: nextPassword } }))
+}
+
+async function expand(page: Page, trigger: string) {
+  const button = page.getByRole('button', { name: trigger, exact: true })
+  await expect(button).toBeVisible({ timeout: 15_000 })
+  if (await button.getAttribute('aria-expanded') !== 'true') await button.click()
+  await expect(button).toHaveAttribute('aria-expanded', 'true')
+}
+
+test.describe.serial('permux 活体主流程（真实 Backend + 真实 Frontend dist）', () => {
+  test.skip(!LIVE, 'set PERMUX_LIVE=1 and PLAYWRIGHT_BASE_URL (vite preview proxied to the backend under test)')
+  test.describe.configure({ timeout: 180_000 })
+
+  let context: BrowserContext
+  let page: Page
+  let api: APIRequestContext
+  let catalog: Perm[] = []
+  let actA: Perm, actB: Perm, keep: Perm, projectCreate: Perm
+  let linked: Perm[] = []
+  let roleA: Role, roleB: Role, roleC: Role
+  const names = {
+    roleA: `权限甲-${SUFFIX}`, roleB: `权限乙-${SUFFIX}`, roleC: `权限丙-${SUFFIX}`, roleD: `权限丁-${SUFFIX}`,
+    sameName: `同名测试·${SUFFIX}`, owner1: `permux-u1-${SUFFIX}`, owner2: `permux-u2-${SUFFIX}`, linkedOwner: `permux-linked-${SUFFIX}`,
+  }
+  const label1 = () => `${names.sameName}（${names.owner1}）`
+  const label2 = () => `${names.sameName}（${names.owner2}）`
+
+  const status = (text: string) => page.getByRole('status').filter({ hasText: text })
+  const savebar = () => page.getByRole('region', { name: '未保存的权限修改' })
+  const previewPanel = () => page.getByRole('region', { name: '保存前预览' })
+  const cell = (role: Role, item: Perm) => page.getByLabel(`${role.name} ${item.label}`, { exact: true })
+  const category = (name: string) => page.getByRole('group', { name: '权限分类' }).getByRole('button', { name, exact: true })
+  const matrixRow = (role: Role) => page.locator('tr').filter({ has: page.getByRole('button', { name: role.name, exact: true }) })
+  const userCheckbox = (label: string) => page.getByRole('checkbox', { name: `选择 ${label}`, exact: true })
+  const userRow = (label: string) => page.locator('tr').filter({ has: userCheckbox(label) })
+  const selectedBar = () => page.getByRole('region', { name: '已选用户' })
+
+  async function openSection(name: '角色与权限' | '用户管理') {
+    const zone = page.getByRole('dialog', { name: '系统管理' })
+    if (!await zone.isVisible()) {
+      await page.locator('.tsb-user').click()
+      await page.getByRole('button', { name: '系统管理…' }).click()
+      await expect(zone).toBeVisible()
+    }
+    await zone.getByRole('button', { name, exact: true }).click()
+  }
+
+  /** 角色面板：矩阵视图 + 搜索本轮后缀，只呈现本轮创建的角色。 */
+  async function rolesMatrix(query = SUFFIX) {
+    await openSection('角色与权限')
+    await expect(page.getByRole('group', { name: '权限分类' })).toBeVisible({ timeout: 15_000 })
+    const matrixButton = page.getByRole('button', { name: '角色矩阵', exact: true })
+    if (await matrixButton.getAttribute('aria-pressed') !== 'true') await matrixButton.click()
+    await expand(page, '搜索与过滤')
+    await page.getByLabel('搜索角色').fill(query)
+  }
+
+  async function openPreview() {
+    await savebar().getByRole('button', { name: '保存', exact: true }).click()
+    await expect(previewPanel()).toBeVisible({ timeout: 15_000 })
+    await expect(previewPanel()).toContainText('请确认以下变化后保存')
+  }
+
+  async function confirmSave(roles: number) {
+    const confirm = savebar().getByRole('button', { name: '确认保存', exact: true })
+    await expect(confirm).toBeEnabled()
+    await confirm.click()
+    await expect(status(`已保存 ${roles} 个角色的权限设置`)).toBeVisible({ timeout: 15_000 })
+    await expect(savebar()).toHaveCount(0)
+  }
+
+  test.beforeAll(async ({ browser }) => {
+    if (!LIVE) return
+    context = await browser.newContext({ baseURL: process.env.PLAYWRIGHT_BASE_URL, locale: 'zh-CN' })
+    page = await context.newPage()
+    api = context.request
+  })
+
+  test.afterAll(async () => { await context?.close() })
+
+  test('登录：管理员经登录表单进入工作台，/api/me 为管理员', async () => {
+    await page.goto('/')
+    await page.getByPlaceholder('由管理员分配').fill(process.env.PERMUX_OWNER ?? '')
+    await page.getByPlaceholder('初始密码或常用密码').fill(process.env.PERMUX_PASSWORD ?? '')
+    await page.getByRole('button', { name: '登录', exact: true }).click()
+    await expect(page.locator('.tsb-user')).toBeVisible({ timeout: 15_000 })
+    const res = await api.get('/api/me')
+    expect(res.status()).toBe(200)
+    const me = await res.json() as Me
+    expect(me.isAdmin).toBe(true)
+    expect(me.owner).toBe(process.env.PERMUX_OWNER)
+
+    catalog = (await getJSON<{ permissions: Perm[] }>(api, '/api/admin/permissions/catalog')).permissions ?? []
+    const editable = catalog.filter(item => !item.protected)
+    const docActions = editable.filter(item => categoryOf(item) === DOC_CATEGORY && item.scope === 'project' && !LINKED.includes(item.actionId))
+    expect(docActions.length, '「文档工作」至少需要两个可编辑项目动作').toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(2)
+    actA = docActions[0]
+    actB = docActions[1]
+    keep = docActions[2] ?? editable.find(item => item.scope === 'project' && !LINKED.includes(item.actionId)
+      && item.actionId !== actA.actionId && item.actionId !== actB.actionId)!
+    expect(keep, '需要第三个可编辑项目动作用于验证未提及行保留').toBeTruthy()
+    projectCreate = editable.find(item => item.actionId === PROJECT_CREATE)!
+    expect(projectCreate, '目录应含 project.create').toBeTruthy()
+    linked = LINKED.map(id => editable.find(item => item.actionId === id)!)
+    expect(linked.every(Boolean), '目录应含四个创建联动动作').toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  test('C01+C02 多角色矩阵编辑：跨分类与搜索保留草稿，预览后一次提交', async () => {
+    await rolesMatrix()
+    for (const name of [names.roleA, names.roleB]) {
+      await page.getByLabel('新角色名称').fill(name)
+      await page.getByLabel('新角色描述').fill('permux 活体验收')
+      await page.getByRole('button', { name: '创建角色', exact: true }).click()
+      await expect(status(`已创建角色 ${name}`)).toBeVisible({ timeout: 15_000 })
+    }
+    roleA = await roleByName(api, names.roleA)
+    roleB = await roleByName(api, names.roleB)
+    expect(roleA.enabled && roleB.enabled).toBe(true)
+
+    // 预置第三动作行（默认允许）：界面提交未提及它，提交后必须原样保留。
+    await ok(await api.post('/api/admin/roles/permissions/batch', { data: { idempotencyKey: randomUUID(), roles: [roleA, roleB].map(role => ({
+      roleId: role.roleId, expectedRoleVersion: role.roleVersion, changes: [{ actionId: keep.actionId, allowed: true, capAllowed: true }],
+    })) } }))
+    // 切走再回到分区使面板重挂载，草稿基线取预置后的最新版本。
+    await openSection('用户管理')
+    await rolesMatrix()
+
+    await category(DOC_CATEGORY).click()
+    await expect(category(DOC_CATEGORY)).toHaveAttribute('aria-pressed', 'true')
+    await cell(roleA, actA).selectOption('default')
+    await cell(roleB, actB).selectOption('project')
+    await expect(savebar()).toContainText('已修改 2 个角色、2 项设置')
+
+    const other = (await page.getByRole('group', { name: '权限分类' }).getByRole('button').allInnerTexts()).find(text => text.trim() !== DOC_CATEGORY)
+    expect(other, '应存在第二个权限分类').toBeTruthy()
+    await category(other!.trim()).click()
+    await expect(cell(roleA, actA)).toHaveCount(0)
+    await category(DOC_CATEGORY).click()
+    await expect(cell(roleA, actA)).toHaveValue('default')
+    await expect(cell(roleB, actB)).toHaveValue('project')
+    await expect(savebar()).toContainText('已修改 2 个角色、2 项设置')
+
+    await page.getByLabel('搜索角色').fill(roleA.name)
+    await expect(cell(roleB, actB)).toHaveCount(0, { timeout: 15_000 })
+    await expect(savebar()).toContainText('已修改 2 个角色、2 项设置')
+    await page.getByLabel('搜索角色').fill('')
+    await expect(savebar()).toContainText('已修改 2 个角色、2 项设置')
+    await page.getByLabel('搜索角色').fill(SUFFIX)
+    await expect(cell(roleA, actA)).toHaveValue('default', { timeout: 15_000 })
+    await expect(cell(roleB, actB)).toHaveValue('project')
+    await expect(savebar()).toContainText('已修改 2 个角色、2 项设置')
+
+    await openPreview()
+    const preview = previewPanel()
+    for (const text of [roleA.name, roleB.name, actA.label, actB.label, '不允许', '默认允许', '按项目授权']) await expect(preview).toContainText(text)
+    await confirmSave(2)
+
+    const freshA = await getRole(api, roleA.roleId)
+    const freshB = await getRole(api, roleB.roleId)
+    expect(rowOf(freshA, actA.actionId)).toMatchObject({ allowed: true, capAllowed: true })
+    expect(rowOf(freshB, actB.actionId)).toMatchObject({ allowed: false, capAllowed: true })
+    expect(rowOf(freshA, actB.actionId)?.capAllowed ?? false).toBe(false)
+    expect(rowOf(freshB, actA.actionId)?.capAllowed ?? false).toBe(false)
+    for (const role of [freshA, freshB]) expect(rowOf(role, keep.actionId)).toMatchObject({ allowed: true, capAllowed: true })
+  })
+
+  test('C03 创建联动：开启创建项目自动补齐四项按项目授权，运行时 /api/me 联动生效', async ({ request }) => {
+    await rolesMatrix()
+    await category(categoryOf(projectCreate)).click()
+    await cell(roleA, projectCreate).selectOption(projectCreate.scope === 'system' ? 'on' : 'default')
+    await expect(savebar()).toContainText('已修改 1 个角色、1 项设置')
+    await category(categoryOf(linked[0])).click()
+    await expect(matrixRow(roleA).getByText(LINKED_NOTE).first()).toBeVisible()
+    await expect(matrixRow(roleB).getByText(LINKED_NOTE)).toHaveCount(0)
+
+    await openPreview()
+    const expansion = previewPanel().locator('.rp-linked')
+    await expect(expansion).toContainText('系统将自动补齐')
+    for (const item of linked) await expect(expansion).toContainText(item.label)
+    await confirmSave(1)
+
+    const fresh = await getRole(api, roleA.roleId)
+    expect(rowOf(fresh, PROJECT_CREATE)).toMatchObject({ allowed: true })
+    for (const id of LINKED) expect(rowOf(fresh, id), id).toMatchObject({ allowed: false, capAllowed: true })
+
+    const password = `Permux!${SUFFIX}Aa9`
+    const nextPassword = `Permux!${SUFFIX}Bb8`
+    const created = await (await ok(await api.post('/api/admin/users', {
+      data: { owner: names.linkedOwner, profile: { name: '联动验证' }, password },
+    }))).json() as Account
+    await assignRoleApi(api, created.userId, roleA.roleId)
+    expect(await userRoleId(api, created.userId)).toBe(roleA.roleId)
+
+    await apiLogin(request, names.linkedOwner, password, nextPassword)
+    const meRes = await request.get('/api/me')
+    expect(meRes.status()).toBe(200)
+    const me = await meRes.json() as Me
+    expect(me.owner).toBe(names.linkedOwner)
+    expect(me.linkedCapabilities?.projectCreate).toBe(true)
+    for (const id of LINKED) expect(me.linkedCapabilities?.actions ?? []).toContain(id)
+  })
+
+  test('C04 断链拒绝：创建项目开启时联动项不允许不可保存，恢复按项目授权后保存成功', async () => {
+    const before = await getRole(api, roleA.roleId)
+    const broken = linked[0]
+    await rolesMatrix()
+    await category(DOC_CATEGORY).click()
+    await cell(roleA, actB).selectOption('project')
+    await category(categoryOf(broken)).click()
+    await expect(cell(roleA, broken)).toHaveValue('project')
+    await cell(roleA, broken).selectOption('denied')
+    await expect(savebar()).toContainText('已修改 1 个角色、2 项设置')
+
+    await openPreview()
+    const confirm = savebar().getByRole('button', { name: '确认保存', exact: true })
+    const blockedNote = previewPanel().getByRole('alert')
+    if (await blockedNote.isVisible()) {
+      await expect(blockedNote).toContainText('存在冲突或错误，调整后才能保存')
+      await expect(previewPanel()).toContainText(broken.label)
+      await expect(confirm).toBeDisabled()
+    } else {
+      await expect(confirm).toBeEnabled()
+      await confirm.click()
+      await expect(page.locator('.rp-status').getByRole('alert')).toContainText(broken.label, { timeout: 15_000 })
+      await expect(savebar()).toContainText('已修改 1 个角色、2 项设置')
+    }
+    const unchanged = await getRole(api, roleA.roleId)
+    expect(unchanged.roleVersion).toBe(before.roleVersion)
+    expect(permKey(unchanged)).toEqual(permKey(before))
+
+    await cell(roleA, broken).selectOption('project')
+    await expect(savebar()).toContainText('已修改 1 个角色、1 项设置')
+    await openPreview()
+    await confirmSave(1)
+    const fresh = await getRole(api, roleA.roleId)
+    expect(rowOf(fresh, actB.actionId)).toMatchObject({ allowed: false, capAllowed: true })
+    expect(rowOf(fresh, PROJECT_CREATE)).toMatchObject({ allowed: true })
+    for (const id of LINKED) expect(rowOf(fresh, id), id).toMatchObject({ allowed: false, capAllowed: true })
+  })
+
+  test('C07 同名辨识：两名同名用户按账号辨识，勾选互不串行', async () => {
+    await openSection('用户管理')
+    for (const owner of [names.owner1, names.owner2]) {
+      await page.getByLabel('新用户登录名').fill(owner)
+      await expand(page, '可选资料：姓名、电话、邮箱、工号、部门、备注')
+      await page.locator('#new-user-name').fill(names.sameName)
+      await page.getByRole('button', { name: '创建用户', exact: true }).click()
+      await expect(status(`已创建 ${owner}`)).toBeVisible({ timeout: 15_000 })
+      await page.getByRole('button', { name: '返回列表', exact: true }).click()
+    }
+    await page.getByLabel('搜索用户').fill(names.sameName)
+    await expect(userRow(label1())).toBeVisible({ timeout: 15_000 })
+    await expect(userRow(label2())).toBeVisible()
+    await expect(page.getByText(`存在同名用户「${names.sameName}」`)).toBeVisible()
+    for (const [label, owner] of [[label1(), names.owner1], [label2(), names.owner2]]) {
+      await expect(userRow(label)).toContainText(names.sameName)
+      await expect(userRow(label)).toContainText(owner)
+      await expect(userRow(label)).toContainText('同名 · 按账号辨识')
+    }
+
+    await userCheckbox(label1()).check()
+    await expect(userCheckbox(label1())).toBeChecked()
+    await expect(userCheckbox(label2())).not.toBeChecked()
+    await expect(userRow(label2())).toContainText(names.owner2)
+    await expect(userRow(label2())).not.toContainText(names.owner1)
+    await expect(selectedBar()).toContainText('已选 1 人')
+  })
+
+  test('C08 批量分配：两人预览 未分配 → 角色乙 后一次提交', async () => {
+    await userCheckbox(label2()).check()
+    await expect(selectedBar()).toContainText('已选 2 人')
+    await selectedBar().getByRole('button', { name: '为选中的 2 人分配角色', exact: true }).click()
+    const batch = page.getByRole('region', { name: '为选中的 2 人分配角色' })
+    await batch.getByLabel('搜索可分配角色').fill(roleB.name)
+    const target = batch.getByLabel('批量分配的目标角色')
+    await expect(target.locator('option', { hasText: roleB.name })).toHaveCount(1, { timeout: 15_000 })
+    await target.selectOption({ label: roleB.name })
+    for (const owner of [names.owner1, names.owner2]) {
+      await expect(batch.locator('li', { hasText: owner })).toContainText(`未分配 → ${roleB.name}`, { timeout: 15_000 })
+    }
+    await batch.getByRole('button', { name: '确认分配', exact: true }).click()
+    await expect(status(`已为 2 人分配角色「${roleB.name}」`)).toBeVisible({ timeout: 15_000 })
+
+    for (const owner of [names.owner1, names.owner2]) {
+      const account = await userByOwner(api, owner)
+      expect(await userRoleId(api, account.userId), owner).toBe(roleB.roleId)
+    }
+    await expect(userRow(label1())).toContainText(roleB.name)
+    await expect(userRow(label2())).toContainText(roleB.name)
+  })
+
+  test('C09 冲突整批不写：确认前他人改动一人角色，409 后整批未写入且保留选择', async () => {
+    roleC = await (await ok(await api.post('/api/admin/roles', { data: { name: names.roleC, description: 'permux 并发改动' } }))).json() as Role
+    const user1 = await userByOwner(api, names.owner1)
+    const user2 = await userByOwner(api, names.owner2)
+
+    await userCheckbox(label1()).check()
+    await userCheckbox(label2()).check()
+    await expect(selectedBar()).toContainText('已选 2 人')
+    await selectedBar().getByRole('button', { name: '为选中的 2 人分配角色', exact: true }).click()
+    const batch = page.getByRole('region', { name: '为选中的 2 人分配角色' })
+    await batch.getByLabel('搜索可分配角色').fill(roleA.name)
+    const target = batch.getByLabel('批量分配的目标角色')
+    await expect(target.locator('option', { hasText: roleA.name })).toHaveCount(1, { timeout: 15_000 })
+    await target.selectOption({ label: roleA.name })
+    for (const owner of [names.owner1, names.owner2]) {
+      await expect(batch.locator('li', { hasText: owner })).toContainText(`${roleB.name} → ${roleA.name}`, { timeout: 15_000 })
+    }
+    const confirm = batch.getByRole('button', { name: '确认分配', exact: true })
+    await expect(confirm).toBeEnabled()
+
+    await assignRoleApi(api, user2.userId, roleC.roleId)
+    await confirm.click()
+    const alert = page.getByRole('alert').filter({ hasText: '整批均未写入' })
+    await expect(alert).toBeVisible({ timeout: 15_000 })
+    await expect(alert).toContainText('请重新预览')
+    await expect(userCheckbox(label1())).toBeChecked()
+    await expect(userCheckbox(label2())).toBeChecked()
+    await expect(selectedBar()).toContainText('已选 2 人')
+
+    expect(await userRoleId(api, user1.userId)).toBe(roleB.roleId)
+    expect(await userRoleId(api, user2.userId)).toBe(roleC.roleId)
+  })
+
+  test('C10 复制并分配：源角色权限复制到新角色并换绑，新角色独立维护', async () => {
+    await selectedBar().getByRole('button', { name: '清空选择', exact: true }).click()
+    await expect(selectedBar()).toHaveCount(0)
+    const user1 = await userByOwner(api, names.owner1)
+    const sourceBefore = await getRole(api, roleB.roleId)
+
+    await userRow(label1()).getByRole('button', { name: '查看与管理', exact: true }).click()
+    await expect(page.getByRole('button', { name: '返回列表', exact: true })).toBeVisible()
+    await expect(page.getByText(`当前角色 ${roleB.name}`)).toBeVisible({ timeout: 15_000 })
+    await expand(page, '复制角色并分配…')
+    await page.getByLabel('新角色名称（必填）').fill(names.roleD)
+    await page.getByLabel('新角色描述').fill('permux 复制并分配')
+    await expect(page.getByText(`相对「${roleB.name}」调整 0 项`)).toBeVisible()
+    await page.getByRole('button', { name: '确认复制并分配', exact: true }).click()
+    const done = status('新角色独立维护')
+    await expect(done).toBeVisible({ timeout: 15_000 })
+    await expect(done).toContainText(names.roleD)
+    await expect(page.getByText(`当前角色 ${names.roleD}`)).toBeVisible({ timeout: 15_000 })
+
+    const copied = await roleByName(api, names.roleD)
+    expect(copied.roleId).not.toBe(roleB.roleId)
+    expect(copied.description).toBe('permux 复制并分配')
+    expect(permKey(copied)).toEqual(permKey(sourceBefore))
+    expect(await userRoleId(api, user1.userId)).toBe(copied.roleId)
+    const sourceAfter = await getRole(api, roleB.roleId)
+    expect(sourceAfter.roleVersion).toBe(sourceBefore.roleVersion)
+    expect(permKey(sourceAfter)).toEqual(permKey(sourceBefore))
+    // 源角色仅失去被换绑的这一人，其余绑定不受影响。
+    expect(sourceAfter.bindingCount).toBe(sourceBefore.bindingCount - 1)
+  })
+})